托福閱讀備考攻略-內(nèi)容挖掘
來源：環(huán)球教育
小編： 493托福閱讀的備考，積累背景知識(shí)是很關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)，而談及背景知識(shí)內(nèi)容，相對(duì)于其他類型的文章，動(dòng)物類文章多采用簡(jiǎn)單直接的方式陳述事實(shí)，沒有社會(huì)科學(xué)類的繁雜而嚴(yán)重影響對(duì)文章的理解。這里為同學(xué)們整理新托福閱讀背景知識(shí)之海洋生物的體溫調(diào)節(jié)，正在備考托福閱讀的同學(xué)們看過來哦!
托福閱讀備考1:
文章主旨是關(guān)于海洋生物的體溫調(diào)節(jié)。
第一段說海洋生物分為兩種：H和P。
第二段說H。這種海洋海洋生物的體溫會(huì)比周圍環(huán)境里的海水高，可以讓他們的身體運(yùn)作得比較好。
第三段說P。大部分的海洋生物是屬于P。但是有的生物既不是H也不是P，比如有兩種吞拿魚(tunas，又名金槍魚)，可以通過快速游動(dòng)來保持合適的體溫。
第四段說動(dòng)物在冷的環(huán)境下會(huì)喪失熱量，講了三種喪失熱量的方式，最主要的方式是通過皮膚。
第五段說海洋動(dòng)物如何在低水溫里防止體溫與熱量的喪失。出了一個(gè)段間關(guān)系的題目，答案就是這一段是solution to上一段的熱量的喪失。講了一個(gè)海鳥的例子，是跟海鳥的皮毛(furs and feathers)有關(guān)的。還講了一個(gè)鯨魚脂肪的例子。但光是上面這些也不能防止體溫喪失。所以的海洋動(dòng)物就會(huì)通過加快其心率來達(dá)到這一目的。這里拿了相同大小的海洋動(dòng)物和陸地動(dòng)物作比較，目的是為了支持上面這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，這里就出了題目考這個(gè)。
第六段說海洋動(dòng)物有l(wèi)imbs，這些limb是一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)因?yàn)闀?huì)讓它們喪失更多熱量。然后講了它的體內(nèi)如何通過一系列復(fù)雜的生理機(jī)制(包括血紅細(xì)胞)來克服這些缺點(diǎn)。
托福閱讀備考2：
大多數(shù)與的體溫與水的溫度差不多，但是有一些魚是特例。有的魚的體溫比水溫高，有的魚的體溫比體溫低，然后都分別解釋了為什么這樣的機(jī)制(mechanism)。還說了各自如何使自己的體溫調(diào)節(jié)到與水溫一致，就是低溫動(dòng)物如何吸熱，高溫動(dòng)物如何散熱。還講了sea otter(海獺)的例子，說它有l(wèi)imbs。limbs的血的溫度比較低，而核心(core)附近的血的文帝比較高，然后冷熱血管交匯以后體溫就平衡了，還有一些魚都是這樣使得體溫均衡的，這里有出題點(diǎn)。
解析：本文屬于海洋生物學(xué)的文章。從段落結(jié)構(gòu)看，段落結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，主題明確，閱讀文章的難度中等。動(dòng)物類的文章對(duì)事實(shí)的描述簡(jiǎn)單而直接，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)像社會(huì)科學(xué)類文章那樣，因?yàn)楸尘爸R(shí)的生疏而嚴(yán)重影響對(duì)于文章理解的情況。但考生們必須提前對(duì)相關(guān)類型的TPO文章的背景知識(shí)與生詞熟悉，尤其是各種海洋生物的名稱、其各種身體器官以及與體征相關(guān)的描述都要熟悉，盡量減少在閱讀過程中生詞而導(dǎo)致的速度的緩慢。TPO中相關(guān)類型的推薦文章包括: Swimming Machines(OG),The Origins of Cetaceans(OG) 與A Warm-Blooded Turtle(TPO15)。
相關(guān)托福閱讀詞匯學(xué)習(xí)資料：
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is one aspect ofhomeostasis: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from equilibrium with its environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and any prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167 °F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed]Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1]The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within certain limits, a thermoconformer is subject to changes in body temperature according to changes in the temperature outside of its body at a certain temperature.
It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the vagina, uterus or bladder.
Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use in measuring body temperature. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla,ear or groin.
Some animals undergo one of various forms of dormancy where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include hibernating bears and torpor in bats.
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